Git 学习

Git学习

Git介绍

Git是一个免费的开源的分布式版本控制系统,可以快速高效地处理从小型到大型的各种项目.

Git易于学习，占地面积小，性能极快。它具有廉价的本地库，方便的暂存区域和多个工作流分支，性能较于优越。

版本控制

版本控制

可以记录文件的修改历史，方便版本切换。

利于团队协作

集中式版本控制工具

集中化的版本控制器，，有一个单一的集中管理的服务器，保存所有文件的修订版本，而协同工作的人们都通过客户端连接到这台服务器，取出最新的文件或者提交更新。

分布式版本控制工具

分布式版本控制工具，客户端提取的不是最新半百的文件快照，二十八代码仓库完整的镜像下来。这样任何一处协同工作的文件发生故障，都可以用其他客户端的本地仓库进行恢复

Git工作机制

代码托管中心

代码托管中心是基于网络服务器的远程代码仓库，又称为远程库。

1. 局域网

   • GitLab（局域网）

2. 互联网

   • GitHub
   • Gitee

Git安装

默认安装即可

Git命令

命令名称	作用
git config —global user.name 用户名	设置用户签名
git config —global user.email 邮箱	设置用户签名
git config —global —list	查看签名信息
git init	初始化本地库
git status	查看本地库状态
git add 文件名	添加到暂存区
git rm —cached	删除暂存区的文件
git commit -m “日志信息” 文件名	提交到本地库
git reflog	查看历史记录
git reset —hard 版本号	版本穿梭

1. git init —初始化本地库

   yugut@778b MINGW64 /f/桌面/git
   $ git init
   Initialized empty Git repository in F:/桌面/git/.git/
   

2. git status —初始化本地库

   当文件夹为空时

   yugut@778b MINGW64 /f/桌面/git (master)
   $ git status
   On branch master
   
   No commits yet
   
   nothing to commit (create/copy files and use "git add" to track)
   

   上传文件后

   yugut@778b MINGW64 /f/桌面/git (master)
   $ vim hello.txt
   ...
   yugut@778b MINGW64 /f/桌面/git (master)
   $ git status
   On branch master
   
   No commits yet
   
   Untracked files:
     (use "git add <file>..." to include in what will be committed)
           hello.txt
   
   nothing added to commit but untracked files present (use "git add" to track)
   

3. git add —添加到暂存区

   yugut@778b MINGW64 /f/桌面/git (master)
   $ git add hello.txt
   warning: in the working copy of 'hello.txt', LF will be replaced by CRLF the next time Git touches it
   #warning是git自动转换换行符.windows下的换行符为CRLF,Linux下的换行符为LF.

   此时使用git status

   yugut@778b MINGW64 /f/桌面/git (master)
   $ git status
   On branch master
   
   No commits yet
   
   Changes to be committed:
     (use "git rm --cached <file>..." to unstage)
           new file:   hello.txt
   #可以发现文件现在在暂存区,这里的文件是可以删掉的.
   #删掉的是暂存区里的hello.txt,而工作区的hello.txt还在.

4. git rm —cached —删除暂存区的文件

   yugut@778b MINGW64 /f/桌面/git (master)
   $ git rm --cached hello.txt
   rm 'hello.txt'
   
   yugut@778b MINGW64 /f/桌面/git (master)
   $ git status
   On branch master
   
   No commits yet
   
   Untracked files:
     (use "git add <file>..." to include in what will be committed)
           hello.txt
   
   nothing added to commit but untracked files present (use "git add" to track)
   #可以发现hello.txt已不再暂存区.
   

5. git commit —提交到本地库

   yugut@778b MINGW64 /f/桌面/git (master)
   $ git commit -m "first commit" hello.txt
   warning: in the working copy of 'hello.txt', LF will be replaced by CRLF the next time Git touches it
   [master (root-commit) 053c617] first commit
    1 file changed, 9 insertions(+)
    create mode 100644 hello.txt
   
   yugut@778b MINGW64 /f/桌面/git (master)
   $ git status
   On branch master
   nothing to commit, working tree clean
   

   053c617:版本号

6. git reflog —查看版本信息

   yugut@778b MINGW64 /f/桌面/git (master)
   $ git reflog
   053c617 (HEAD -> master) HEAD@{0}: commit (initial): first commit
   

7. git log —查看详细的信息

   yugut@778b MINGW64 /f/桌面/git (master)
   $ git log
   commit 053c617f4c0bdb2e171d8dc3f4278b4751b9e7cd (HEAD -> master)
   Author: viys <2628587386@qq.com>
   Date:   Wed Mar 1 09:53:06 2023 +0800
   
       first commit
   

8. git 命令 —修改文件

   yugut@778b MINGW64 /f/桌面/git (master)
   $ cat hello.txt #原文件
   hello git!
   hello git!
   hello git!
   hello git!
   hello git!
   hello git!
   hello git!
   hello git!
   hello git!
   
   yugut@778b MINGW64 /f/桌面/git (master)
   $ cat hello.txt #修改后的文件
   hello git!
   hello git!
   hello git!
   hello git!
   hello git!
   hello git!
   hello git!
   hello git!
   hello git!
   the txt was changed
   
   yugut@778b MINGW64 /f/桌面/git (master)
   $ git status #查看本地库的状态
   On branch master
   Changes not staged for commit:
     (use "git add <file>..." to update what will be committed)
     (use "git restore <file>..." to discard changes in working directory)
           modified:   hello.txt #文件被修改
   
   no changes added to commit (use "git add" and/or "git commit -a")
   
   yugut@778b MINGW64 /f/桌面/git (master)
   $ git add hello.txt #将修改后的文件添加到暂存区
   warning: in the working copy of 'hello.txt', LF will be replaced by CRLF the next time Git touches it
   
   yugut@778b MINGW64 /f/桌面/git (master)
   $ git commit -m "second commit" hello.txt #将修改后的文件提交到本地库
   warning: in the working copy of 'hello.txt', LF will be replaced by CRLF the next time Git touches it
   [master 24c5547] second commit
    1 file changed, 1 insertion(+)
   
   yugut@778b MINGW64 /f/桌面/git (master)
   $ git status #查看本地库状态
   On branch master
   nothing to commit, working tree clean
   
   yugut@778b MINGW64 /f/桌面/git (master)
   $ git reflog #查看历史版本
   24c5547 (HEAD -> master) HEAD@{0}: commit: second commit
   053c617 HEAD@{1}: commit (initial): first commit
   

9. git reset —hard 版本号 — 版本穿梭

   yugut@778b MINGW64 /f/桌面/git (master)
   $ git reflog #查看历史记录
   24c5547 (HEAD -> master) HEAD@{0}: commit: second commit
   053c617 HEAD@{1}: commit (initial): first commit
   
   yugut@778b MINGW64 /f/桌面/git (master)
   $ git reset --hard 053c617 #版本穿梭
   HEAD is now at 053c617 first commit
   
   yugut@778b MINGW64 /f/桌面/git (master)
   $ git reflog #查看历史记录
   053c617 (HEAD -> master) HEAD@{0}: reset: moving to 053c617
   24c5547 HEAD@{1}: commit: second commit
   053c617 (HEAD -> master) HEAD@{2}: commit (initial): first commit
   
   yugut@778b MINGW64 /f/桌面/git (master)
   $ cat hello.txt #查看hello.txt文件发现是第一次提交的文件.
   hello git!
   hello git!
   hello git!
   hello git!
   hello git!
   hello git!
   hello git!
   hello git!
   hello git!
   

Git分支

分支的概念

在版本控制中,同时推送多个任务,为每个任务,我们就可以创建每个任务的单独分支.使用分支意味着程序员可以把自己的工作从开发主线上分离开来,开发自己分支的时候,不会影响主线分支的运行.(分支的底层是指针的引用).

分支的优势

同时并行推进多个功能开发,提高开发效率 .

分支的操作

命令名称	作用
git branch 分支名	创建分支
git branch -v	查看分支
git checkout 分支名	切换分支
git merge 分支名	把指定的分支合并到当前分支上

1. 查看分支

   git branch -v —查看分支

   yugut@778b MINGW64 /f/桌面/git (master)
   $ git branch -v #查看分支
   * master 053c617 first commit
   

2. git branch —创建分支

   yugut@778b MINGW64 /f/桌面/git (master)
   $ git branch hot-fix #创建分支
   
   yugut@778b MINGW64 /f/桌面/git (master)
   $ git branch -v #查看分支
     hot-fix 053c617 first commit
   * master  053c617 first commit
   

3. 修改分支

   yugut@778b MINGW64 /f/桌面/git (master)
   $ cat hello.txt #查看master分支下的hello.txt文件
   hello git!
   hello git!
   hello git!
   hello git!
   hello git!
   hello git!
   hello git!
   hello git!
   hello git!
   
   yugut@778b MINGW64 /f/桌面/git (master)
   $ git checkout hot-fix #切换到hot-fix分支
   Switched to branch 'hot-fix'
   yugut@778b MINGW64 /f/桌面/git (hot-fix)
   $ vim hello.txt #修改hot-fix分支下的hello.txt文件
   
   yugut@778b MINGW64 /f/桌面/git (hot-fix)
   $ cat hello.txt #查看修改后的文件
   hello git!
   hello git!
   hello git!
   hello git!
   hello git!
   hello git!
   hello git!
   hello git!
   hello git!
   change in hot-fix.
   
   yugut@778b MINGW64 /f/桌面/git (hot-fix)
   $ git status #查看本地库状态
   On branch hot-fix
   Changes not staged for commit:
     (use "git add <file>..." to update what will be committed)
     (use "git restore <file>..." to discard changes in working directory)
           modified:   hello.txt
   
   no changes added to commit (use "git add" and/or "git commit -a")
   
   yugut@778b MINGW64 /f/桌面/git (hot-fix)
   $ git add hello.txt #将文件添加到暂存区
   
   yugut@778b MINGW64 /f/桌面/git (hot-fix)
   $ git status #查看本地库状态
   On branch hot-fix
   Changes to be committed:
     (use "git restore --staged <file>..." to unstage)
           modified:   hello.txt
   
   
   yugut@778b MINGW64 /f/桌面/git (hot-fix)
   $ git commit -m "hot-fix first commit" hello.txt #将文件提交到本地库
   [hot-fix 9a76c71] hot-fix first commit
    1 file changed, 1 insertion(+)
   
   yugut@778b MINGW64 /f/桌面/git (hot-fix)
   $ git reflog #查看版本信息
   9a76c71 (HEAD -> hot-fix) HEAD@{0}: commit: hot-fix first commit
   053c617 (master) HEAD@{1}: checkout: moving from master to hot-fix
   053c617 (master) HEAD@{2}: reset: moving to 053c617
   24c5547 HEAD@{3}: commit: second commit
   053c617 (master) HEAD@{4}: commit (initial): first commit
   
   yugut@778b MINGW64 /f/桌面/git (hot-fix)
   $ git checkout master #切换分支到master
   Switched to branch 'master'
   
   yugut@778b MINGW64 /f/桌面/git (master)
   $ cat hello.txt #查看master分支下的文件,发现无改动
   hello git!
   hello git!
   hello git!
   hello git!
   hello git!
   hello git!
   hello git!
   hello git!
   hello git!
   
   yugut@778b MINGW64 /f/桌面/git (master)
   $ git checkout hot-fix #切换分支到hot-fix
   Switched to branch 'hot-fix'
   
   yugut@778b MINGW64 /f/桌面/git (hot-fix)
   $ cat hello.txt #查看hot-fix下的文件,发现其与master下的文件互不影响
   hello git!
   hello git!
   hello git!
   hello git!
   hello git!
   hello git!
   hello git!
   hello git!
   hello git!
   change in hot-fix.
   

4. git merge 分支名 —分支合并

   yugut@778b MINGW64 /f/桌面/git (master)
   $ vim hello.txt #修改master分支下的文件
   
   yugut@778b MINGW64 /f/桌面/git (master)
   $ cat hello.txt #查看master分支下的hello.txt文件
   hello git! changed in master
   hello git!
   hello git!
   hello git!
   hello git!
   hello git!
   hello git!
   hello git!
   hello git!
   
   ... #将工作区的文件提交到本地库
   
   yugut@778b MINGW64 /f/桌面/git (master)
   $ git merge hot-fix #将hot-fix分支合并到master分支上
   Auto-merging hello.txt
   Merge made by the 'ort' strategy.
    hello.txt | 1 +
    1 file changed, 1 insertion(+)
   
   yugut@778b MINGW64 /f/桌面/git (master)
   $ cat hello.txt #查看hello.txt文件
   hello git! changed in master
   hello git!
   hello git!
   hello git!
   hello git!
   hello git!
   hello git!
   hello git!
   hello git!
   change in hot-fix.
   
   #冲突合并
   #合并分支时,两个分支在同一个文件的同一个位置有两套完全不同的修改.
   #Git无法替我们决定使用哪一个,必须人为决定新代码的内容.
   yugut@778b MINGW64 /f/桌面/git (master)
   $ git merge hot-fix #将hot-fix分支合并到master分支上
   Auto-merging hello.txt
   CONFLICT (content): Merge conflict in hello.txt
   Automatic merge failed; fix conflicts and then commit the result.
   
   yugut@778b MINGW64 /f/桌面/git (master|MERGING)
   $ cat hello.txt #查看冲突文件
   hello git!
   hello git!
   hello git!
   hello git!
   hello git!
   hello git!
   hello git!
   hello git!
   hello git!
   <<<<<<< HEAD
   =======
   change in hot-fix.
   >>>>>>> hot-fix
   
   yugut@778b MINGW64 /f/桌面/git (master|MERGING)
   $ vim hello.txt #修改冲突文件
   
   yugut@778b MINGW64 /f/桌面/git (master|MERGING)
   $ cat hello.txt #查看修改后的冲突文件
   hello git!
   hello git!
   hello git!
   hello git!
   hello git!
   hello git!
   hello git!
   hello git!
   hello git!
   change in hot-fix.
   
   yugut@778b MINGW64 /f/桌面/git (master|MERGING)
   $ git status #查看本地库状态
   On branch master
   You have unmerged paths.
     (fix conflicts and run "git commit")
     (use "git merge --abort" to abort the merge)
   
   Unmerged paths:
     (use "git add <file>..." to mark resolution)
           both modified:   hello.txt
   
   no changes added to commit (use "git add" and/or "git commit -a")
   
   yugut@778b MINGW64 /f/桌面/git (master|MERGING)
   $ git add hello.txt #添加文件到暂存区
   
   yugut@778b MINGW64 /f/桌面/git (master|MERGING)
   $ git commit -m "merge test" #提交修改后的文件,注意带文件名会报错
   [master c2df9ea] merge test
   
   yugut@778b MINGW64 /f/桌面/git (master)
   $
   

5. git push -<参数> <远端> <分支> —推送代码到远端

   git push 参数	含义
   -f	强制更新
   -u	设置默认远端

6. git clone <远端> —克隆远端代码

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